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From:The Greenhaven Encyclopedia of The Middle Ages
The Mamluks were part of a military aristocracy originally composed of non-Arab recruits who served the caliphs of Egypt as bodyguards, soldiers, and administrators. Most of the Mamluks were young slaves, either Afghan,... -
From:Dictionary of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict (Vol. 2. )
Dynasty that reigned over Egypt from 1250 to 1517, after seizing state power following the death of the last Ayyubid sultan. The name derives from an Arabic word meaning "possessed" or "slave"; the Mamluks had first... -
From:Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa (Vol. 3. 2nd ed.)Rulers in Baghdad from 1749 to 1831. The Mamluks emerged under Hasan Pasha (1704–1724) and his son Ahmad Pasha (1724–1747), both wali (provincial governor) of Baghdad. Hasan Pasha's intent was to strengthen his...
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From:The Crusades Reference Library (Vol. 1: Almanac. )By the middle of the thirteenth century the situation in the Middle East had grown completely chaotic. The Seljuk Empire, which ruled over western Asia, was beginning to fall apart, and in 1244 a new clan of Muslim...
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From:The Crusades Reference Library (Vol. 2: Biographies. )c. 1223 Armenia or Turkey 1257 Cairo, Egypt Sultana of Egypt "Capable and beautiful, [she] must have been one of very few women in history who commanded an army in a major battle, as she did against Louis IX, King...
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From:Renaissance: An Encyclopedia for Students (Vol. 2. )Between the 1300s and the 1600s, powerful Islamic rulers controlled much of the Middle East, North Africa, and Spain. While Renaissance culture was spreading across Europe, Islamic civilization thrived in the regions...
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From:Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa (Vol. 4. 2nd ed.)The last independent Mamluk sultan of Egypt. After the death of Qansuh al-Ghuri al-Ashrafi in the battle of Marj Dabiq near Aleppo (August 1516), the Mamluks selected his viceroy, Tuman Bey, to continue the struggle...
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From:Dictionary of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict (Vol. 1. )Locality near contemporary Nazareth where, in September 1260, a battle took place that allowed the Mamluks of Egypt to repulse a Mongol army....
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From:World Eras (Vol. 2: Rise and Spread of Islam, 622-1500. )1223–1277 MAMLUK SULTAN Mongol Menace. Al-Zahir Baybars, or Baybars I, (reigned 1260–1277) was the most prominent of Mamluk Sultans and the real founder of the Mamluk state. He was born in 1223 when the Mongols were...
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From:World Eras (Vol. 2: Rise and Spread of Islam, 622-1500. )New Groups. When the Abbasid khilafah was founded in 750, it governed a strong, centralized state with the khalifah as an effective ruler, soon installed in the newly built capital of Baghdad. Gradually the centralized...
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From:The Greenhaven Encyclopedia of The RenaissanceThe Islamic conquest that began in the early seventh century spread the new faith from its home in Arabia to the north, east, and west. At its height, the Muslim caliphs (rulers) held both secular and sacred authority...
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From:Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World (Vol. 2. )The Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt and Syria (1250–1517) had its origins in the recruitment of military slaves (Arabic mamluk, literally "owned") by the Ayyubid sultan of Egypt, al-Malik al-Salih (d. 1249). By this time,...
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From:History in Dispute (Vol. 10: The Crusades, 1095-1291. )In the early thirteenth century, Mongol leader Genghis Khan imposed a remarkable degree of unity upon the nomadic tribesmen of inner Asia. The shock waves of this unification were felt from Hungary to Korea; he...
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From:Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa (Vol. 4. 2nd ed.)Historic coastal city in south Lebanon on the Mediterranean Sea. Throughout its history, Tyre (now Sur), which is located fifty-two miles (83 km) from Beirut, has known several invasions and occupations. In the eighth...
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From:Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa (Vol. 1. 2nd ed.)
Egypt's westernmost delta province (governorate). This province has existed as an administrative unit since Fatimid times. Nearest of Egypt's rural provinces to Alexandria, it was known while under the Mamluks and... -
From:World Eras (Vol. 2: Rise and Spread of Islam, 622-1500. )
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From:Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa (Vol. 3. 2nd ed.)Egyptian delta city. Al-Mansura is located near Damietta, Egypt, in the delta. Founded by the Ayyubid dynasty as a fortified camp in 1219, it served as a buttress against Crusader expansion in 1221 and again in 1250,...
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From:Dictionary of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict (Vol. 1. )This name is given to the Great Mosque, opened in Cairo in 972, which has since become one of the most important centers of Islamic teaching. In 988 a college was started there to propagate the faith among the Egyptian...
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From:Dictionary of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict (Vol. 2. )City of Galilee; birthplace of Simon ben Yohai, presumed author of the Zohar. Safed is mentioned by the Roman historian Flavius; it was later an administrative center of the Mamluks. A city of mixed Arab and Jewish...
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From:Science and Its Times (Vol. 2: 700 to 1449. )c. 1217-1265 Mongol ruler and founder of the Il-khanid dynasty who, while playing a major role in the destruction of medieval Iranian and Iraqi civilization, fostered learning through his assistance to al-Tusi and...